Spain's New Traffic Rules 2026: Motorcycles, Cyclists, E-scooters

Last updated: August 2026. On 1 October 2026, Spain changes several of its road rules. The reform, Real Decreto 518/2026, was published in the official gazette (BOE) on 26 June 2026 and updates the General Traffic Regulations to protect vulnerable road users: pedestrians, cyclists, motorcyclists and riders of personal mobility vehicles (VMP, the e-scooters you see in every Spanish town). If you drive, cycle or ride in Spain, some of these changes affect you directly, and a few carry a one-year transition to 1 October 2027. This guide sets out exactly what changes, the numbers behind why it was passed, and what it means for foreign residents.

Key takeaways

01. Overtaking a cyclist gets stricter. On interurban roads you must drop at least 20 km/h below the limit, leave at least 1.5 m, and change lane fully where there is more than one lane in your direction.

02. A 5 m gap behind cyclists in town. In urban areas, motor vehicles must keep a minimum 5 m distance behind a cyclist in the same lane.

03. Motorcyclists get four new obligations. Protective gloves on interurban roads, closed footwear on every road, a reflective vest carried on the bike (worn by professional riders), and a UNECE R22 homologated helmet. Mopeds get a year longer for the helmet. Fine: 200 euros.

04. E-scooters get national rules. A minimum age of 15, no pavements, no motorways, no interurban roads, plus always-on lights from 1 October 2027.

05. It is a safety response. Spain's road deaths have plateaued near 1,800 a year, and vulnerable users make up around 40% of interurban deaths, the pressure behind the reform.

What changes, at a glance

The table below is the short version, with the exact figures and the road type each rule applies to. Everything here is taken from the decree text itself, so the confidence is high; the only items with a later date are the three that carry a transition period to October 2027.

Source: Real Decreto 518/2026, de 24 de junio (BOE, 26 June 2026), amending the General Traffic Regulations. Figures quoted are from the decree text. Municipal detail (for example specific urban speed streets) is set by local ordinances.

The timeline: two dates that matter

Why the reform: the road-safety numbers

Spain has one of Europe's better road-safety records, but progress has stalled. After decades of steep falls, annual road deaths have flattened out near 1,800, and the groups this decree targets, the people outside a car's metal shell, are not improving in step. That is the case the government makes for the change.

Look inside the total and you see why the reform targets bikes, motorbikes and scooters rather than cars. The chart below uses the DGT's most recent like-for-like figures, the provisional interurban-road balance, to compare 2024 and 2025 by road user. Cyclist deaths fell, but motorcyclist deaths held flat at the highest level of any vulnerable group, and moped and e-scooter deaths ticked up.

A note on the two figures. The DGT publishes two death counts that are easy to confuse. The first chart uses the consolidated annual total (urban plus interurban, counted at 30 days), which is the headline number. The second uses the provisional interurban-only balance the DGT releases each January, which is why its numbers are smaller. We have kept the two apart on purpose, and each chart is labelled with its base.

The changes explained

Overtaking cyclists

This is the change most drivers will notice. On interurban roads, when you overtake a cyclist you must reduce your speed by at least 20 km/h below the road's limit, leave a lateral gap of at least 1.5 m, and pull out into the next lane. Where the road has more than one lane in your direction, a full lane change is now compulsory rather than a partial swerve. A group of cyclists is treated as a single unit, so you overtake the whole group as one, not one rider at a time. In practice, on a road limited to 90 km/h you should be passing at 70 km/h or less, well clear of the rider.

The 5 m gap in town

In urban areas, if a cyclist is riding in your lane and you are behind them, you must keep at least 5 m between your vehicle and the bike. It formalises the tailgating problem cyclists face in city traffic and gives a concrete distance rather than a vague "keep your distance".

Cyclist helmets

For cyclists, a helmet becomes mandatory for everyone on interurban roads, closing the previous exemptions, and helmets remain compulsory for under-16s on every type of road. Professional cyclists must also wear one in urban zones and travesias while working. The exact technical standard for moped helmets tightens after a transition, taking full effect on 1 October 2027.

E-scooters and personal mobility vehicles

Personal mobility vehicles, the electric scooters now everywhere in Spanish cities, get a national rulebook for the first time under a new urban-circulation title. You must be at least 15 years old to ride one. They are banned from pavements, and banned from motorways, dual carriageways, interurban roads and travesias: they belong on the roadway or bike lanes where local rules allow. Always-on lighting becomes compulsory after a one-year transition, from 1 October 2027. Cities keep the power to add their own detailed rules on top through local ordinances, so the exact streets and speeds can vary by town.

New motorcycle and moped rules in Spain from 1 October 2026

The decree rewrites article 118 of the General Traffic Regulations, the one that lists what riders must wear, and touches three other articles that matter to anyone on two motorised wheels. It applies to riders and passengers of motorcycles, motorcycles with sidecar, mopeds, three-wheelers, quadricycles and quads. Nothing in the text changes lane filtering, bus lanes, speed limits, low-emission-zone access or parking for motorcycles; the changes are about protective equipment, one new road-use exception and one new permission.

Protective gloves on interurban roads

From 1 October 2026, protective gloves are mandatory for rider and passenger whenever the bike is on an interurban road. In town they remain optional. The decree does not yet define what counts as a protective glove: it lets the Interior Ministry set technical specifications by ministerial order later, and until that order exists the transitional rule says to use gloves "of the same characteristics as those used today". So the press line about "homologated gloves" goes further than the BOE text. The DGT classes a missing pair as a serious offence with a 200 euro fine; it has not said whether licence points are deducted, and the Ley de Tráfico's 4-point entry for missing "helmet and other mandatory protective elements" has not been confirmed to apply.

Closed footwear on every road

Riders and passengers must wear closed shoes that cover the whole foot, on urban and interurban roads alike. Sandals, flip-flops and open shoes are out. Same classification: serious, 200 euros.

Helmets: R22 for motorcycles now, homologated for mopeds by October 2027

Motorcycle helmets must be homologated under UNECE Regulation 22 and properly fastened, on every road. Moped riders, who were allowed "certified" helmets, must move to homologated ones, but the decree gives them a one-year transition: certified helmets stay legal on mopeds until 1 October 2027. Vehicles fitted with a protective structure and seat belts, as recorded on the ITV card, are exempt from helmet, gloves and footwear, and their occupants must wear the belt instead.

A reflective vest on every motorcycle

Two separate rules. First, every motorcycle must now carry a high-visibility reflective vest as part of its equipment, in the same way cars carry one. Second, riders who ride for work, delivery riders above all, must actually wear it on every type of road. For everyone else it stays in the bike until you need it, for example after a breakdown on the hard shoulder.

The hard shoulder in traffic jams, on signed stretches only

New article 36.3 lets road authorities designate stretches where motorcycles may use the right-hand hard shoulder during congestion. This is not a general right: the stretch must be agreed with the DGT (or the regional or local traffic authority) and marked with fixed vertical signs and road markings, the speed limit on the shoulder is 30 km/h, and riders must go in single file. Outside a designated, signed stretch, using the hard shoulder is still an offence.

Helmet intercoms are explicitly allowed

Article 18.2, which bans handling mobile devices while riding, now carves out certified or homologated wireless devices integrated into the helmet, for communication and navigation. Holding a phone remains banned.

One more rule protects rather than obliges you: when a car overtakes a moped or a motorcycle outside town, the driver must now slow to at least 20 km/h below the limit and leave 1.5 metres, the same protection cyclists get. If you ride a moped, that gap is yours by law from 1 October 2026.

All of this is testable material. The Vehicle Types and Driver Licence chapters cover the categories the new article 118 names, and the A2 candidates among our readers can practise on the Permiso A2 test in English. The motorway rules that the hard-shoulder exception sits inside are in Motorway Driving Rules in Spain.

What this means for you

If you drive, cycle or ride in Spain as a foreigner, here is the practical version.

• Give cyclists a full lane and drop your speed. The 20 km/h and 1.5 m rules are enforceable from 1 October. On a two-lane-each-way road, change lane completely to pass. This is stricter than in some home countries, so build the habit now.
• Mind the 5 m gap in town. In city traffic, do not sit on a cyclist's back wheel. Leave the 5 m and wait for a safe, full-lane overtake.
• If you ride, kit up before the open road. Gloves are now required on interurban roads for motorcycles and mopeds, and a helmet is required for all cyclists there. A hire scooter or moped counts too.
• Scooter riders, check your town. No pavements, no interurban roads, minimum age 15, and lights coming in 2027. Local ordinances add detail, so check your city's rules, especially in tourist areas that restrict scooters.
• It can show up in the theory exam. New rules feed into the DGT question bank over time. If you are studying for the licence, you can see the current question format in a free sample test in English.

Frequently asked questions

When do Spain's new traffic rules take effect?

The core rules in Real Decreto 518/2026 apply from 1 October 2026. Two items, always-on e-scooter lighting and the tighter moped-helmet standard, have a transition period and become compulsory on 1 October 2027.

How much space do I have to leave when overtaking a cyclist?

On interurban roads you must leave at least 1.5 m of lateral clearance and reduce your speed by at least 20 km/h below the posted limit. Where there is more than one lane in your direction, you must change lane completely.

Do motorcyclists have to wear gloves now?

Yes. From 1 October 2026, protective gloves are mandatory for riders and passengers of motorcycles and mopeds on interurban roads, and closed footwear covering the whole foot on every road. The fine is 200 euros; the DGT has not confirmed whether points are deducted.

Do motorcycles have to carry a reflective vest?

Yes. Every motorcycle must carry a high-visibility vest from 1 October 2026. Only riders working on the bike, such as delivery riders, must wear it while riding.

Can motorcycles use the hard shoulder in a traffic jam?

Only on stretches the road authority has designated and signed for it, at no more than 30 km/h and in single file. Elsewhere the hard shoulder is still off limits.

What are the new rules for electric scooters in Spain?

You must be at least 15 to ride a personal mobility vehicle. They are banned from pavements, motorways, dual carriageways, interurban roads and travesias, and must use the roadway or bike lanes where permitted. Always-on lighting is required from 1 October 2027. Your city can add further rules through local ordinances.

Does the reform introduce new fines?

The decree updates the traffic rules themselves. Penalties for breaking them come from Spain's traffic law rather than from this decree, so we do not attach specific fine amounts to these changes here. Check the current penalty for a given offence with the DGT.

Sources

• Real Decreto 518/2026, de 24 de junio, amending the General Traffic Regulations: BOE-A-2026-13889 (published 26 June 2026; in force 1 October 2026).
• DGT, provisional interurban-road death balance for 2025: 1,119 deaths (January 2026).
• DGT, consolidated annual road-death totals: 1,806 deaths in 2023 (with 2022 comparison), and the DGT 2024 annual report (1,785 deaths).
• Vulnerable-user share of interurban deaths: DGTTestPro analysis of the DGT 2025 interurban balance.
• DGT press release on the approval of the decree (23 June 2026), including the 200 euro classification of the glove and footwear offences: dgt.es.
• Ley de Tráfico (RDL 6/2015), articles 76 h) and 80 (serious offences, 200 euro fine) and Annex II point 15 (points for missing mandatory protective equipment): BOE consolidated text.
• Motor16, "Normas DGT motos 1 octubre" (14 September 2026), sector reporting on the hard-shoulder rule: motor16.com.

Last updated: September 2026.